2 Studies Point to Common Pesticide as a Culprit in Declining Bee Colonies
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Xholon
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Title: 2 Studies Point to Common Pesticide as a Culprit in Declining Bee Colonies
Description:
Url: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/30/science/neocotinoid-pesticides-play-a-role-in-bees-decline-2-studies-find.html?_r=1&ref=science
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My Notes
--------
Carl Zimmer at the New York Times reports on two studies about pesticides and bees. Much of his article consists of a range of opinions offered by scientists, some associated with the studies and some not.
Here are links to the two studies, and the associated news analysis by Erik Stokstad, that appear in Science magazine on March 30, 2012. ::
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/335/6076/1555
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2012/03/28/science.1215039
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2012/03/28/science.1215025.abstract
In this workbook I try to organize the concepts presented in the Henry paper::
"A Common Pesticide Decreases Foraging Success and Survival in Honey Bees" Mickaël Henry, Maxime Beguin, Fabrice Requier, Orianne Rollin, Jean-François Odoux, Pierrick Aupinel, Jean Aptel, Sylvie Tchamitchian, and Axel Decourtye (Science 1215039)
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<_-.XholonClass>
<!-- types of domain objects -->
<PhysicalSystem/>
<Hypothesis/>
<!-- honey bee problems -->
<Syndrome>
<ColonyCollapseDisorder/> <!-- CCD, hive death, "a sudden disappearance of honey bees from the hive" -->
</Syndrome>
<BehavioralDifficulty>
<MemoryDysfunction/>
<LearningDysfunction/>
<AlterationOfNavigationalSkills>
<HomingFailure/> <!-- homing failure, m_hf -->
</AlterationOfNavigationalSkills>
</BehavioralDifficulty>
<HoneyBee>
<!-- some of the bees are foragers, while others are not -->
<Forager/> <!-- foraging honey bee -->
<NonForager/>
</HoneyBee>
<Hive/> <!-- honey bee colony -->
<InsectPest>
<Aphid/>
<SapSuckingInsect/>
</InsectPest>
<!-- proposed causes of CCD include -->
<Stressor>
<Pesticide>
<SystemicPesticide> <!-- diffuses throughout the plant, including nectar and pollen -->
<Neonicotinoid>
<Thiamethoxam/> <!-- "a recently marketed neonicotinoid substance" -->
</Neonicotinoid>
</SystemicPesticide>
</Pesticide>
<Pathogen/>
<Parasite/>
<NaturalHabitatDegradation/>
</Stressor>
<PesticideDose>
<LethalDose/>
<SubLethalDose/> <!-- "doses that do not entail direct mortality", sublethal exposure -->
</PesticideDose>
<StudyLocation>
<CerealFarmingSystem/>
<SuburbanArea/>
</StudyLocation>
<ReleaseSite/> <!-- about 1 km from the hive -->
<Crop>
<OilseedRape/>
<Maize/>
<Sunflower/>
</Crop>
<!-- quantities -->
<HiveDeathRate/>
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<xholonClassDetails>
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<PhysicalSystem>
<!-- the hypothesis that the Henry study tested -->
<Hypothesis>"a sublethal exposure to a neonicotinoid indirectly increases hive death rate through homing failure in foraging honey bees"</Hypothesis>
<StudyLocation> <!-- in France -->
<Hive>
<NonForager multiplicity="10"/>
</Hive>
<ReleaseSite>
<Forager roleName="treatment forager" multiplicity="10"/> <!-- foraging honey bee, exposed to the pesticide -->
<Forager roleName="control forager" multiplicity="10"/> <!-- foraging honey bee, not exposed to the pesticide -->
</ReleaseSite>
</StudyLocation>
</PhysicalSystem>
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